Button Family in America

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, the second child and eldest son of John and Abigail (Smith) Adams, was born 11 July 1767. As a young boy Adams accompanied his father on his diplomatic missions to Europe. He attended school at a private academy outside Paris, the Latin School of Amsterdam, and Leyden University. The years 1781-1782 he spent in St. Petersburg as private secretary and interpreter to Francis Dana, U.S. minister to Russia. In 1785 Adams returned to the United States to continue his formal education. He graduated from Harvard College in 1787, studied law for three years with Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Massachusetts, and then practiced law in Boston.

Adams's own diplomatic career began in 1794 when President Washington appointed him minister to the Netherlands. Immediately following Adams's arrival, French armies occupied the country. On 26 July 1797, in London, John Quincy Adams married Louisa Catherine Johnson, daughter of the U.S. consul. Appointed minister plenipotentiary to Berlin in 1797, he was recalled by his father after the elder Adams's defeat in the presidential election of 1800.

Adams served one year in the Massachusetts State Senate and in April 1803 was appointed to fill an unexpired seat in the U.S. Senate. His independent actions in the Senate, namely support for the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo of 1807, quickly alienated him from the Federalist party in Massachusetts. When the state legislature, dominated by Federalists, prematurely named Adams's successor in the Senate (six months before his term was to expire), Adams immediately resigned.

Commissioned minister plenipotentiary to Russia in 1809, Adams, his wife, and their youngest son Charles Francis spent five years in St. Petersburg. Adams was in a unique position to report Napoleon's march across Europe and fatal attempt to conquer Russia. Within months of the United States' declaration of war against Great Britain in 1812, John Quincy Adams was involved in efforts to bring about a peace—first through Russian mediation and later as a negotiator at Ghent in 1814. The Adamses' stay in Europe was extended when John Quincy was appointed minister plenipotentiary to Great Britain in 1815. Their two older sons, George Washington and John, joined the family in England.

John Quincy Adams made his eighth and final voyage across the Atlantic in 1817 when he returned home to become secretary of state in the Monroe administration. Significant among his many accomplishments in that position are the negotiation of the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 with Spain, the completion of his authoritative Report on Weights and Measures (1821), and the development of the Monroe Doctrine (1823).

Adams enjoyed less success in his one term as president. Although he ran second to Andrew Jackson in the 1824 election, the U.S. House of Representatives chose him president when the electoral college failed to give any candidate a majority vote. He struggled as a minority president and received little support for an ambitious program of national improvements, which included federal support for the arts and sciences, creation of a Department of the Interior, and development of a system of roads and canals.

Although defeated for reelection in 1828 by rival Andrew Jackson, Adams soon returned to national politics as the representative from Massachusetts' Plymouth district. He served in Congress from 1831 to 1848. He became an increasingly vocal opponent of slavery and its expansion—opposing the annexation of Texas and war with Mexico, championing the freedom of petition in defiance of the congressional gag rule, and defending the Amistad captives before the Supreme Court. On 21 February 1848, Adams collapsed at his seat in the House and was carried to the Speaker's Room in the Capitol, where he died on 23 February.

Adams's voluminous correspondence, both personal and public, can be found in the Adams Papers, along with the Diary that he kept for 68 years (from November 1779, when he was 12, to December 1847, just a few months before he died), and his many literary endeavors.